Language Contact with Crew of Rykyu\u27s Drifting Ships in the Qing Dynasty

The communication between Ryukyu・Okinawa and China has a long history. It has been said that the history has begun even at Ming Dynasty Ryukyu Dynasty were canonized by Chinese king even after Satsuma clan (now Kagoshima Prefecture)\u27s invasion in the beginning of 17 century. The tributary relations between Ryukyu and China had last for 5 centuries until Ryukyu became Okinawa Prefecture by Meiji Japanese government in 1872. The relationship between China and Ryukyu basic were tributary relations. However, the main transportation mean in Ryukyu were by ship，and lots of ship encountered typhoon, lost control of their ship，and finally were drifted to China continent. You can refer to these historical documentation in the book「Selected documentation of China-Ryukyurelations in Qing Dynasty」which was public by China First Historical Archives. Lots of ship-drift cases are written in this book from Qianlong era to Guangxu era of Qing Dynasty. Various forms of transportation can be found form those cases. This paper will not focus on tributary ships from Ryukyu, but on the part of rescue and aid from Qing government to those who were drifted from Ryukyu．文部科学省グローバルCOEプログラム 関西大学文化交渉学教育研究拠点東アジアの歴史と動

Returning Methods of Rykyu\u27s Drifting Ships in the Qing Dynasty

The communication between Ryukyu･Okinawa and China has a long history. It has been said that the history has begun even at Ming Dynasty. Ryukyu Dynasty were canonized by Chinese king even after Satsuma clan (now Kagoshima Prefecture)\u27s invasion in the beginning of 17 century. The tributary relations between Ryukyu and China had last for 5 centuries until Ryukyu became Okinawa Prefecture by Meiji Japanese government in 1872. The relationship between China and Ryukyu basic were tributary relations. However, the main transportation mean in Ryukyu were by ship, and lots of ship encountered typhoon, lost control of their ship, and finally were drifted to China continent. You can refer to these historical documentation in the book 「Selected documentation of China-Ryukyu relations in Qing Dynasty」 which was public by China First Historical Archives. Lots of ship-drift cases are written in this book from Qianlong era to Guangxu era of Qing Dynasty. Various forms of transportation can be found form those cases. This paper will not focus on tributary ships from Ryukyu, but on the part of rescue and aid from Qing government to those who were drifted from Ryukyu

Salvage of Rykyu\u27s Drifting Ships at Macau and Guangdong in the Qing Dynasty

Ryukyu Kingdom, a total of 36 islands located between the island of Taiwan and the Kyushu Island of Japan across the sea, face to the Zhejiang Province and Fujian Province of China. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the beginning of the tributary trade activities between the Ryukyu country and the government of the Qing Dynasty was increasing stability, the ships between the Ryukyu country and the Qing Dynasty were also increasing to Drifting to the Qing Dynasty.The territory of the number of the Ryukyu\u27s Drifting ships were also growing because of the particularity of the natural environment at sea and maritime technology limitations hurricane. There were two Ryukyu ships drifted into Macau and eleven drifted into Guangdong. There are a large number of records with these drifting difficulties of ships and cargo on board that the archives of the Qing Dynasty in particular in the Qing Dynasty Ryukyu relations Selected.This article will focus on that after these Ryukyu boats drifting to the Chinese Macau and Guangdong, the Qing government was how to start relief activities. Expect to that with using this understanding of the Ryukyu boats shipping status, we can be further understand the details of the relief system exchanges at Macau and Guangdong between the Ryukyu country and the Qing dynasty

清代中国漂着琉球民間船の研究 [全文の要約]

関西大

Discipline or disruption?:stakeholder relationships and the effect of takeover threat

While a sizable literature suggests that firms benefit from vulnerability to takeovers because it reduces agency problems, the threat of takeovers can also impose ex ante costs on firms by adversely affecting relationships with important stakeholders, such as major customers. We find that when firms have corporate customers as important stakeholders, an exogenous reduction in the threat of takeovers increases their ability to attract new customers and strengthens their relationships with existing customers, resulting in improvement in operating performance. The positive effect on operating performance is greater for suppliers that are likely to offer unique and durable products to their customers. Our results suggest a beneficial aspect of protection from takeovers when stakeholder relationships are important

High-speed fir filter design and optimization using artificial intelligence techniques

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Reputation and loan contract terms:the role of principal customers

Principal customers have strong incentives to screen and/or monitor suppliers to ensure supply-chain stability; consequently, the implicit certification from the existence of long-term relationships with principal customers has reputational consequences that potentially spill over to other markets. We argue that one such consequence is smaller loan spreads and looser loan covenants on bank loans, as firms that are able to hold on to principal customers longer are perceived as safer firms by banks. We address causality and endogeneity issues via a variety of tests and find consistent results. Our study suggests that non-financial stakeholders can have important effects on the decisions of financial stakeholders